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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Surgery and Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Surgery and Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хирургия и онкология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-5857</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">831</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2949-5857-2025-15-3-27-35</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Techniques of pelvic floor defect reconstruction after extended surgeries of rectal cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Методы пластики дефекта тазового дна после расширенных операций по поводу рака прямой кишки</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7208-8218</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Оzdoev</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оздоев</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aslan Magomedovich Ozdoev</p><p>Bld. 1, 1 Novogireevskaya St., Moscow 111123</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аслан Магомедович Оздоев</p><p>111123 Москва, Новогиреевская ул., 1, корп. 1</p></bio><email>surgeon.ozdoy@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0641-0572</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baychorov</surname><given-names>А. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байчоров</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bld. 1, 1 Novogireevskaya St., Moscow 111123</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123 Москва, Новогиреевская ул., 1, корп. 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9439-9873</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilov</surname><given-names>М. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данилов</surname><given-names>М. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bld. 1, 1 Novogireevskaya St., Moscow 111123</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>111123 Москва, Новогиреевская ул., 1, корп. 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A. S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Московский клинический научно-практический центр им. А. С. Логинова Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-02"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-02"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Оzdoev А.М., Baychorov А.B., Danilov М.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Оздоев А.М., Байчоров А.Б., Данилов М.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Оzdoev А.М., Baychorov А.B., Danilov М.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Оздоев А.М., Байчоров А.Б., Данилов М.A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://onco-surgery.info/jour/article/view/831">https://onco-surgery.info/jour/article/view/831</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A significant proportion of patients with colorectal cancer are diagnosed at advanced stages, requiring extensive surgical procedures that create a substantial “dead space” in the pelvic cavity. One of the major complications of such interventions is perineal hernia formation, which significantly affects quality of life by causing pain, urinary dysfunction, bowel obstruction, fistula formation, and ulcerative skin defects.Currently, various techniques exist for the prevention and management of this complication. Simple perineal wound closure is the most accessible technique; however, in cases of large defects, it does not provide reliable closure and is associated with increased risks of wound dehiscence, infection, and subsequent hernia formation.Autologous reconstruction of the pelvic floor defect involves the use of flaps based on the rectus abdominis muscle (vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, VRAM), gracilis muscle (m. gracilis), gluteus maximus muscle (unilateral or bilateral), as well as skin flaps. The V RAM flap demonstrates low incidence of perineal hernias and acceptable survival rates but requires high level of surgical expertise and may not be feasible in laparoscopic approaches or in patients with multiple stomas. Graciloplasty is effective for selected patients, including those undergoing minimally invasive surgery, but it may be associated with a higher complication rates compared to V RAM. The use of gluteus maximus muscle flaps allows for defect reconstruction with good vascularization but carries risks of muscle function impairment and postoperative pain. Skin flaps are less invasive and may reduce the likelihood of hernia formation, though current statistical data remain limited.Alloplastic reconstruction of the pelvic floor defect is performed using synthetic or biological meshes. Recent studies suggest that biological meshes significantly reduce the incidence of perineal hernias compared to simple wound closure. However, their use substantially increases treatment costs. The application of synthetic materials requires strict isolation of bowel loops from the mesh surface to prevent adhesions and infectious complications; experience with these materials and long-term outcomes remain limited.Thus, the choice of pelvic floor reconstruction technique depends on defect size, the patient’s overall condition, the surgical team’s expertise, and the availability of necessary materials. A universal “gold standard” has not yet been established. Further multicenter studies and comparative analyses are needed to determine optimal indications for each method and to develop standardized clinical protocols.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Существенной доле пациентов с колоректальным раком требуются расширенные операции с формированием значительного «мертвого пространства» в полости таза. Одно из серьезных последствий таких вмешательств – промежностные грыжи, которые ухудшают качество жизни: вызывают болевой синдром, нарушения мочеиспускания, кишечной проходимости, образование свищей и язвенных дефектов кожи.На сегодняшний день существуют различные методы устранения или профилактики данного осложнения. «Простое» ушивание промежностной раны наиболее доступно, однако при обширном дефекте оно не обеспечивает надежного закрытия и сопровождается повышенными рисками расхождения швов, инфекций и последующего формирования грыжи.Аутопластика дефекта тазового дна включает использование лоскутов на основе прямой мышцы живота (vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap, VRAM), тонкой мышцы (m. gracilis), большой ягодичной мышцы (односторонний или двусторонний вариант), а также кожно-подкожных лоскутов. Использование VRAM-лоскута демонстрирует низкую частоту промежностных грыж и приемлемую выживаемость, но требует высокой квалификации хирурга и не всегда подходит при лапароскопических доступах или формировании нескольких стом. Грацилопластика эффективна у ряда пациентов, в том числе при малоинвазивных операциях, однако может сопровождаться более высокой частотой осложнений, чем в случае с V RAM. Применение лоскутов большой ягодичной мышцы позволяет заместить дефект с сохранением хорошего кровоснабжения, но вызывает риски снижения функции мышцы и болевого синдрома. Кожно-подкожные лоскуты менее травматичны и иногда уменьшают вероятность грыжеобразования, но статистические данные об их применении пока ограниченны.Аллопластика дефекта тазового дна выполняется с помощью синтетических или биологических сеток. Биологические сетки, судя по последним исследованиям, достоверно снижают частоту промежностных грыж в сравнении с «простым» ушиванием. В то же время они существенно увеличивают стоимость лечения. Применение синтетических материалов требует строгой изоляции петель кишечника от поверхности сетки для профилактики адгезий и инфекционных осложнений; опыт и долгосрочные результаты здесь пока ограниченны.Таким образом, выбор способа реконструкции тазового дна зависит от размеров дефекта, общего состояния пациента, навыков членов хирургической команды и доступности необходимых материалов. Единого «золотого стандарта» такой операции до сих пор не существует. Необходимы дополнительные многоцентровые исследования и сравнения, которые помогут определить оптимальные показания к каждому методу и выработать единые клинические протоколы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cancer</kwd><kwd>rectum</kwd><kwd>perineal hernia</kwd><kwd>reconstruction</kwd><kwd>pelvic floor</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак</kwd><kwd>прямая кишка</kwd><kwd>промежностная грыжа</kwd><kwd>пластика</kwd><kwd>тазовое дно</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Blok R.D., Brouwer T.P.A., Sharabiany S. et al. Further insights into the treatment of perineal hernia based on the experience of a single tertiary centre. Colorectal Dis 2020;22(6):694–702. DOI: 10.1111/codi.14952</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blok R.D., Brouwer T.P.A., Sharabiany S. et al. 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