Surgery and OncologySurgery and OncologyХирургия и онкология2949-5857Publishing House ABV Press68810.17650/2949-5857-2024-14-1-32-43LITERATURE REVIEWОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫClinical, epidemiological and genetic features of colorectal cancerКлинико-эпидемиологические и генетические особенности колоректального ракаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6775-2993KukanovaA. M.КукановаА. М.
Kazakhstan

Assiya Kukanova

49a Beybitshilik St., Astana 010000

Асия Куканова

010000 Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а

kukanova.a@amu.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7292-8033BekishevaA. T.БекишеваА. Т.
Kazakhstan

49a Beybitshilik St., Astana 010000

17 Manasa St., Astana 010000

010000 Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а

010009 Астана, ул. Манаса, 17

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9874-4005MakishevA. K.МакишевА. К.
Kazakhstan

49a Beybitshilik St., Astana 010000

17 Manasa St., Astana 010000

010000 Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а

010009 Астана, ул. Манаса, 17

Astana Medical UniversityНАО «Медицинский университет «Астана»Multidisciplinary medical center of the akimat of AstanaМногопрофильный медицинский центр акимата г. Астаны0205202414132433004202430042024Copyright ©; 2024, Kukanova A.M., Bekisheva A.T., Makishev A.K.Copyright ©; 2024, Куканова А.М., Бекишева А.Т., Макишев А.К.2024Kukanova A.M., Bekisheva A.T., Makishev A.K.Куканова А.М., Бекишева А.Т., Макишев А.К.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://onco-surgery.info/jour/article/view/688

Introduction. The incidence of colorectal cancer for 2020 was 1931590 cases, which is 10 % of all new cases of incidence, and mortality from colorectal cancer ranks 2nd among cancer deaths, it is 935 173 cases (9.4 %) according to Globocan 2020. According to statistics of the Kazakh Research Institute of Oncology and Radiology for 2019–2020 сolorectal cancer ranks 3rd in the structure of oncopathology, both in terms of morbidity and mortality. The occurrence of colorectal cancer is associated with an interaction that occurs at several levels between hereditary, environmental and individual factors. Understanding the molecular basis is important because it can identify factors that initiate development, maintain progression, and determine response or resistance to anticancer agents.

Aim. To describe the main genetic mutations and their impact on treatment prognosis, diagnosis and course of colorectal cancer.

Materials and methods. A systematic literature review of scientific databases Cochrane, PubMEd, MedLine, Elsevier was carried out. For the main search, the main search terms are formulated: colorectal cancer, mutations in colorectal cancer, molecular genetic studies in colorectal cancer, mutation of the KRAS gene. Also, a time range was set no later than 5 years, i. e. all articles published from 2017 to the current year.

Results. The main molecular changes in colorectal cancer are Chromosome instability, microsatellite instability, and abnormal DNA methylation. Suppressor genes, such as Ras, EGFR (Erb-B1), Erb-B2, TGF-alpha, and TGF-beta 1, are also of great importance.

Conclusion. Research that contributes to the understanding of the molecular basis of colorectal cancer helps in the early diagnosis of familial cancer, treatment prognosis and a personalized approach to patient treatment.

Введение. Заболеваемость колоректальным раком за 2020 г. составила 1931590 случаев, что составляет 10 % всех новых случаев заболеваемости раком, а смертность от КРР, по данным Globocan 2020, занимает 2-е место среди всех случаев смерти от рака – 935173 случая (9,4 %). По данным статистики КазИОР на 2019–2020 гг., колоректальный рак занимает 3-е место в структуре онкопатологии как по заболеваемости, так и по смертности. Возникновение колоректального рака связано с взаимодействиями между наследственными, экологическими и индивидуальными факторами на разных уровнях. Важным является понимание его молекулярной основы, поскольку оно может выявить факторы, которые инициируют развитие, поддерживают прогрессирование и определяют реакцию на противораковые агенты или устойчивость к ним.

Цель. Описать основные генетические мутации и их влияние на прогноз лечения, диагностику и течение колоректального рака.

Материалы и методы. Проведен систематический обзор литературы научных баз данных Cochrane, PubMed, MedLine, Elsevier. Cформулированы основные поисковые термины: колоректальный рак, мутации при колоректальном раке, молекулярно-генетические исследования при колоректальном раке, мутация гена KRAS. Временной диапазон поиска составлял не более 5 лет, т. е. в анализ вошли все статьи, опубликованные с 2017 г. по настоящее время.

Результаты. Основными молекулярными изменениями при колоректальном раке являются хромосомная нестабильность, микросателлитная нестабильность и аномальное метилирование ДНК. Гены-супрессоры, такие как Ras, EGFR (Erb-B1), Erb-B2, TGF-альфа и TGF-бета1, тоже имеют большое значение.

Заключение. Исследования, которые способствуют пониманию молекулярной основы колоректального рака, помогают в ранней диагностике семейного рака, прогнозе лечения и индивидуальном подходе к лечению пациентов.

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