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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Surgery and Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Surgery and Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хирургия и онкология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-5857</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">507</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2686-9594-2021-11-2-29-35</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Three-year outcomes of sandwich therapy in patients with locally advanced cancer of the middle and lower rectum</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Отдаленные 3‑летние результаты использования sandwiсh-терапии у пациентов с местно-распространенным раком средне- и нижнеампулярного отделов прямой кишки</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6123-3903</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aniskin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анискин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Aniskin</p><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Александрович Анискин</p><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><email>docaniskin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8129-5394</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmichev</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмичев</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9289-1247</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamedli</surname><given-names>Z. Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамедли</surname><given-names>З. З.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1148-8051</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polynovskiy</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полыновский</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-11-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-11-28"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-11-28"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Aniskin A.A., Kuzmichev D.V., Mamedli Z.Z., Polynovskiy A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Анискин А.А., Кузьмичев Д.В., Мамедли З.З., Полыновский А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aniskin A.A., Kuzmichev D.V., Mamedli Z.Z., Polynovskiy A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Анискин А.А., Кузьмичев Д.В., Мамедли З.З., Полыновский А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://onco-surgery.info/jour/article/view/507">https://onco-surgery.info/jour/article/view/507</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>The most important criteria for the effectiveness of the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer are indicators of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DSF). Conducting systemic chemotherapy in addition to chemoradiotherapy at the preoperative stage can increase these indicators.<bold>Objective:</bold> to study analyze the indicators of 3-year OS and DFS, as well as the frequency of local relapses and distant metastases.<bold>Materials and methods.</bold> From 2013 to 2020, 72 patients with T≥3(CRM+)N0–2M0 lower and middle ampullar rectal cancer were included in the study using sandwich therapy. At the first stage, 2 courses of induction polychemotherapy were carried out according to the CapOx scheme (capecitabine 2000 mg/m2  orally for 14 days and oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 intravenously once every 3 weeks). Further, chemoradiation therapy was carried out with a total focal dose of 50–56 Gy while taking capecitabine 1650 mg/m<sup>2</sup>  per day orally on the days of irradiation. After the end of chemotherapy, the patients underwent 2 courses of consolidating polychemotherapy according to the CapOx scheme (capecitabine 2000 mg/m<sup>2</sup>  orally for 14 days and oxaliplatin 130 mg/m<sup>2</sup>  intravenously once every 3 weeks). The control group consisted of 72 patients who underwent neoadjuvant treatment in accordance with current clinical guidelines (chemotherapy course with a total focal dose of 50–56 Gy while taking capecitabine 1650 mg/m<sup>2</sup>  per day orally on the days of irradiation).<bold>Results. </bold>In 19 (26.4 %) patients from the study group and in 6 (8.3 %) patients from the control group, the achievement of pCR was recorded (p = 0.006). The overall complication rate was 48 (66.7 %) in the study group and 37 (51.4 %) in the control group (p = 0.072), the frequency of grade III–IV toxicity was 8 (11.1 %) and 7 (9.7 %), respectively (p = 0.072). Sphincter-sparing surgical interventions were performed in 52 (72.2 %) and 40 (55.6 %) patients in the sandwich-therapy group and the control group of chemoradiation therapy, respectively (p = 0.037). Resection in the R0 volume was achieved in 71 (98.6 %) and 72 (100 %) patients, respectively (p = 0.316).<bold>Conclusion. </bold>The use of sandwich therapy is a promising trend in the treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. There were no significant differences in the frequency of 3-year OS (96.1 % versus 91.5 %, p = 0.247), DFS (89.8 % versus 84.0 %, p = 0.117) and local relapses (0 % versus 4.2 %, p = 0.997). In our study, statistically significant differences were obtained in the incidence of distant metastases (6.9 % versus 18.1 %, p = 0.05), which may indicate a positive trend towards an increase in OS and DFS rates.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Наиболее важными критериями эффективности проведенного лечения местно-распространенного рака прямой кишки являются показатели общей выживаемости (ОВ) и безрецидивной выживаемости (БРВ). Проведение системной химиотерапии в дополнение к химиолучевой терапии на предоперационном этапе может повысить данные показатели.<bold>Цель работы </bold>– проанализировать показатели 3-летней ОВ и БРВ, а также частоту местных рецидивов и отдаленных метастазов.<bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> С 2013 по 2020 г. 72 пациента с раком нижне- и среднеампулярного отделов прямой кишки стадий T≥3(CRM+)N0–2M0 были включены в исследование с использованием sandwich-терапии. На 1-м этапе было проведено 2 курса индукционной полихимиотерапии по схеме CapOx (капецитабин 2000 мг/м<sup>2</sup>  внутрь в течение 14 дней и оксалиплатин 130 мг/м<sup>2</sup>  внутривенно 1 раз в 3 нед). Далее проводилась химиолучевая терапия (ХЛТ) в суммарной очаговой дозе 50–56 изоГр на фоне приема капецитабина 1650 мг/м2/сут внутрь в дни облучения. После окончания ХЛТ пациентам были проведены 2 курса консолидирующей полихимиотерапии по схеме CapOx (капецитабин 2000 мг/м2  внутрь в течение 14 дней и оксалиплатин 130 мг/м2  внутривенно 1 раз в 3 нед). Контрольную группу составили 72 пациента, которым было проведено неоадъювантное лечение в соответствии с действующими клиническими рекомендациями (курс ХЛТ в суммарной очаговой дозе 50–56 Гр на фоне приема капецитабина 1650 мг/м<sup>2</sup>/сут внутрь в дни облучения).<bold>Результаты.</bold> У 19 (26,4 %) пациентов исследуемой группы и у 6 (8,3 %) пациентов контрольной группы зарегистрировано достижение pCR (р = 0,006). Общая частота осложнений составила 48 (66,7 %) случаев в исследуемой группе и 37 (51,4 %) в контрольной группе (р = 0,072), частота токсичности III и IV степени тяжести – 8 (11,1 %) и 7 (9,7 %) соответственно (р = 0,072). Сфинктеросохраняющие хирургические вмешательства удалось выполнить 52 (72,2 %) и 40 (55,6 %) пациентам в группе sandwich-терапии и контрольной группе ХЛТ соответственно (р = 0,037). Резекция в объеме R0 достигнута у 71 (98,6 %) и 72 (100 %) пациентов соответственно (р = 0,316).<bold>Заключение.</bold> Использование sandwich-терапии является перспективным направлением при лечении больных местно-распространенным раком прямой кишки. Не было получено достоверных различий по частоте 3-летней ОВ (96,1 % против 91,5 %, р = 0,247), БРВ (89,8 % против 84,0 %, р = 0,117) и местных рецидивов (0 % против 4,2 %, р = 0,997). В нашем исследовании были получены статистически достоверные различия по частоте развития отдаленных метастазов (6,9 % против 18,1 %, р = 0,05), что может свидетельствовать о положительной тенденции к увеличению показателей ОВ и БРВ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>locally advanced rectal cancer</kwd><kwd>comprehensive treatment</kwd><kwd>consolidation chemotherapy</kwd><kwd>induction chemotherapy</kwd><kwd>relapse-free survival</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>местно-распространенный рак прямой кишки</kwd><kwd>комплексное лечение</kwd><kwd>консолидирующая химиотерапия</kwd><kwd>индукционная химиотерапия</kwd><kwd>безрецидивная выживаемость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®): Cancer. 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