<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Surgery and Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Surgery and Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хирургия и онкология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-5857</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">190</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2220-3478-2016-6-4-38-44</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CASE REPORT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">TACTICS SPHINCTER SPARING SURGERY IN LOCALLY-ADVANCED RECTAL ULTRA-LOW LOCALISATION WITH A LESION OF THE LATERAL GROUP LYMPH NODES: CLINICAL CASES</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ТАКТИКА СФИНКТЕРОСОХРАНЯЮЩЕЙ ХИРУРГИИ ПРИ МЕСТНО-РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОМ РАКЕ ПРЯМОЙ КИШКИ УЛЬТРАНИЗКОЙ ЛОКАЛИЗАЦИИ С ПОРАЖЕНИЕМ ЛАТЕРАЛЬНОЙ ГРУППЫ ЛИМФАТИЧЕСКИХ УЗЛОВ: КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tamrazov</surname><given-names>R. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тамразов</surname><given-names>Р. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Контакты: Расим Ильхамович Тамразов - ФГБУ РОНЦ им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава России, 115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23 </p></bio><email>rasim-t@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barsukov</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барсуков</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordeev</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордеев</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ss.netoncology@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский онкологический научный центр им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-01-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-01-04"><day>04</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://onco-surgery.info/jour/about/editorialPolicies</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://onco-surgery.info/jour/article/view/190">https://onco-surgery.info/jour/article/view/190</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article considers the possibility of sphincter sparing surgery in patients with negative risk factors, such as localization in low third and lesion of lateral lymph nodes. Combined treatment and improved surgical approach allowed to achieve positive oncological and functional results. The discussion provides an analysis of the publications devoted to various approaches to the treatment of low rectal cancer with extended pelvic lymph node dissection and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматривается возможность выполнения сфинктеросохраняющей операции у пациентки с наиболее неблагоприятными прогностическими факторами, такими как низкая локализация опухоли и поражение латеральной группы лимфатических узлов. Комплексный подход и усовершенствованная хирургическая тактика позволили достигнуть положительных онкологических и функциональных результатов. В обсуждении приводится анализ публикаций, посвященных различным подходам к лечению нижнеампулярного рака с расширенными тазовыми лимфодиссекциями и неоадъювантной химиолучевой терапией. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>low rectal cancer</kwd><kwd>sphincter preservation surgery</kwd><kwd>combined treatment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нижнеампулярный рак прямой кишки</kwd><kwd>сфинктеросохраняющие операции</kwd><kwd>комплексное лечение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Статистика злокачественных новообразований в России и странах СНГ в 2012 году. Под ред. М.И. Давыдова, Е.М. Аксель. М., 2013. 57 с. [Statistic sofmalignant tumors in Russia and CIS countries in 2012. Ed. by М.I. Davydov, Е.М. Аxel. Мoscow, 2013. P.57. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Статистика злокачественных новообразований в России и странах СНГ в 2012 году. Под ред. М.И. Давыдова, Е.М. Аксель. М., 2013. 57 с. [Statistic sofmalignant tumors in Russia and CIS countries in 2012. Ed. by М.I. Davydov, Е.М. Аxel. Мoscow, 2013. P.57. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2. Quirke P., Durdey P., Dixon M.F., Williams N.S. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumor spread and surgical excision. Lancet 1986;2(8514):996–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quirke P., Durdey P., Dixon M.F., Williams N.S. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumor spread and surgical excision. Lancet 1986;2(8514):996–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">3. Quirke P., Dixon M.F. The prediction of local recurrence in rectal adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination. Int J Colorectal Dis 1988;3(2):127–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quirke P., Dixon M.F. The prediction of local recurrence in rectal adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination. Int J Colorectal Dis 1988;3(2):127–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">4. Cawthorn S.J., Parums D.V., Gibbs N.M. et al. Extent of mesorectal spread and involvement of lateral resection margin as prognostic factors after surgery for rectal cancer. Lancet 1990;335(8697):1055–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cawthorn S.J., Parums D.V., Gibbs N.M. et al. Extent of mesorectal spread and involvement of lateral resection margin as prognostic factors after surgery for rectal cancer. Lancet 1990;335(8697):1055–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">5. De Haas-Kock D.F., Baeten C.G., Jager J.J. et al. Prognostic significance of radial margins of clearance in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1996;83(6):781–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Haas-Kock D.F., Baeten C.G., Jager J.J. et al. Prognostic significance of radial margins of clearance in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1996;83(6):781–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">6. Heijnen L.A., Lambergts D.N., Mondal D. et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in primary rectal cancer staging demonstrates but does not characterise lymph nodes. Eur Radiol 2013;23(2):3354–60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heijnen L.A., Lambergts D.N., Mondal D. et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in primary rectal cancer staging demonstrates but does not characterise lymph nodes. Eur Radiol 2013;23(2):3354–60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">7. Feng Q., Yan Y.Q., Zhu J., Xu J.R. T staging of rectal cancer: accuracy of diffusionweighted imaging compared with T2-weighted imaging on 3.0 tesla MRI. J Dig Dis 2014;15(4):188–94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng Q., Yan Y.Q., Zhu J., Xu J.R. T staging of rectal cancer: accuracy of diffusionweighted imaging compared with T2-weighted imaging on 3.0 tesla MRI. J Dig Dis 2014;15(4):188–94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">8. Faerden A.E., Naimi N., Wiik P. et al. Total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: difference in outcome for low and high rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48(12):2224–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faerden A.E., Naimi N., Wiik P. et al. Total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: difference in outcome for low and high rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48(12):2224–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">9. Ueno H., Mochizuki H., Hashiquchi Y., Hase K. Prognostic determinants of patients with lateral nodal involvement by rectal cancer. Ann Surg 2001;234(2):190–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ueno H., Mochizuki H., Hashiquchi Y., Hase K. Prognostic determinants of patients with lateral nodal involvement by rectal cancer. Ann Surg 2001;234(2):190–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">10. Heidenreich A., Varga Z., Von Knobloch R. Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: high incidence of lymph node metastasis. J Urol 2002;167(4):1681–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heidenreich A., Varga Z., Von Knobloch R. Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: high incidence of lymph node metastasis. J Urol 2002;167(4):1681–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">11. DiSaia P. J., Creasman W.T. Clinical Gynecologic Oncology. Expert ConsultOnline, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiSaia P. J., Creasman W.T. Clinical Gynecologic Oncology. Expert ConsultOnline, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">12. Koyama Y., Moriya Y., Hojo K. Effects of extended systematic lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum-significant improvement of survival rate and decrease of local recurrence. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1984;14(4):623–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koyama Y., Moriya Y., Hojo K. Effects of extended systematic lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum-significant improvement of survival rate and decrease of local recurrence. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1984;14(4):623–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">13. Царьков П.В., Воробьев Г.И., Одарюк Т.С. Место и роль расширенной аорто-подвздошно-тазовой лимфаденэктомии в лечении рака нижнеампулярного отдела прямой кишки. Практическая онкология: избранные лекции. СПб., 2004. C. 168–80. [Tsar’kov P.V., Vorob’ev G.I., Odaryuk T.S. Place and role of the expanded aortal-ileac-pelvic lymphadenoctomy in the treatment of the cancer of the rectal lower ampulla of the rectum. Practical oncology: selected lectures. Saint Petersburg, 2004. Pp. 168–80. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Царьков П.В., Воробьев Г.И., Одарюк Т.С. Место и роль расширенной аорто-подвздошно-тазовой лимфаденэктомии в лечении рака нижнеампулярного отдела прямой кишки. Практическая онкология: избранные лекции. СПб., 2004. C. 168–80. [Tsar’kov P.V., Vorob’ev G.I., Odaryuk T.S. Place and role of the expanded aortal-ileac-pelvic lymphadenoctomy in the treatment of the cancer of the rectal lower ampulla of the rectum. Practical oncology: selected lectures. Saint Petersburg, 2004. Pp. 168–80. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">14. Japanese Classification of Colorectal Carcinoma. 2nd English edn. 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Japanese Classification of Colorectal Carcinoma. 2nd English edn. 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">15. Hida J., Yasotomi M., Fujimoto K. et al. Does lateral lymph node dissection improve survival in rectal carcinoma? Examination of node metastases by the clearing method. J Am Coll Surg 1997;184(5):475–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hida J., Yasotomi M., Fujimoto K. et al. Does lateral lymph node dissection improve survival in rectal carcinoma? Examination of node metastases by the clearing method. J Am Coll Surg 1997;184(5):475–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">16. Takahashi T. The lymphatic spread of rectal cancer and the effect of dissection: Japanese contribution and experience. Rectal Cancer Surgery. Springer, 1997. Pp. 165–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takahashi T. The lymphatic spread of rectal cancer and the effect of dissection: Japanese contribution and experience. Rectal Cancer Surgery. Springer, 1997. Pp. 165–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">17. Dong X.S., Xu H.T., Yu Z.W. et al. Effect of extended radical resection for rectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9(5):970–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong X.S., Xu H.T., Yu Z.W. et al. Effect of extended radical resection for rectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9(5):970–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">18. Fujita S., Yamamoto S., Akasu T., Moriya Y. Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2003;90(12):1580–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujita S., Yamamoto S., Akasu T., Moriya Y. Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2003;90(12):1580–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">19. Hida J., Yasutomi M., Tokoro T., Kubo R. Examination of nodal metastases by a clearing method supports pelvic plexus preservation in rectal cancer surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42(4):510–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hida J., Yasutomi M., Tokoro T., Kubo R. Examination of nodal metastases by a clearing method supports pelvic plexus preservation in rectal cancer surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42(4):510–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">20. Morita T., Murata A., Koyama M. et al. Current status of autonomic nerve-preserving surgery for mid and lower rectal cancers: Japanese experience with lateral node dissection. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46(10 Suppl). S78–87; discussion S87–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morita T., Murata A., Koyama M. et al. Current status of autonomic nerve-preserving surgery for mid and lower rectal cancers: Japanese experience with lateral node dissection. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46(10 Suppl). S78–87; discussion S87–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">21. Мorita T., Takahashi K., Yasuno M. Radical resection with autonomic nerve preservation and lymph node dissection techniques in lower rectal cancer surgery and its results: the impact of lateral lymph node dissection. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1998;383(6):409–15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мorita T., Takahashi K., Yasuno M. Radical resection with autonomic nerve preservation and lymph node dissection techniques in lower rectal cancer surgery and its results: the impact of lateral lymph node dissection. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1998;383(6):409–15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">22. Ueno H., Yamauchi C., Hase K. et al. Clinicopathological study of intrapelvic cancer spread to the iliac area in lower rectal adenocarcinoma by serial sectioning. Br J Surg 1999;86(12):1532–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ueno H., Yamauchi C., Hase K. et al. Clinicopathological study of intrapelvic cancer spread to the iliac area in lower rectal adenocarcinoma by serial sectioning. Br J Surg 1999;86(12):1532–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">23. Hojo K., Sawada T., Moriya Y. An analysis of survival and voiding, sexual function after wide iliopelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with carcinoma of the rectum, compared with conventional lymphadenectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32(2):128–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hojo K., Sawada T., Moriya Y. An analysis of survival and voiding, sexual function after wide iliopelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with carcinoma of the rectum, compared with conventional lymphadenectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32(2):128–33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">24. Moriya Y., Suqihara K., Akasu T., Fujita S. Importance of extended lymphadenectomy with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer. World J Surg 1997;21(7):728–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moriya Y., Suqihara K., Akasu T., Fujita S. Importance of extended lymphadenectomy with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer. World J Surg 1997;21(7):728–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">25. Georgiou P., Tan E., Gouvas N. et al. Extended lymphadenectomy versus conventional surgery for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2009;10(11):1053–62. DOI: 10.1016/S1470–2045(09)70224–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgiou P., Tan E., Gouvas N. et al. Extended lymphadenectomy versus conventional surgery for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2009;10(11):1053–62. DOI: 10.1016/S1470–2045(09)70224–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">26. Одарюк Т.С., Воробьев Г.И., Шелыгин Ю.А. Хирургия рака прямой кишки. М.: Дедалус, 2005. [Оdaryuk T.S., Vorob’ev G.I., Shelygin Yu.А. Surgery of the rectum cancer. Мoscow: Dedalus, 2005. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Одарюк Т.С., Воробьев Г.И., Шелыгин Ю.А. Хирургия рака прямой кишки. М.: Дедалус, 2005. [Оdaryuk T.S., Vorob’ev G.I., Shelygin Yu.А. Surgery of the rectum cancer. Мoscow: Dedalus, 2005. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">27. Fujita S., Akasu T., Mizusawa J. et al. Postoperative morbidity and mortality after mesorectal excision with and without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II or stage III lower rectal cancer(JCOG0212): results from a multicentre, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):616–21. DOI: 10.1016/S1470– 2045(12)70158–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujita S., Akasu T., Mizusawa J. et al. Postoperative morbidity and mortality after mesorectal excision with and without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II or stage III lower rectal cancer(JCOG0212): results from a multicentre, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13(6):616–21. DOI: 10.1016/S1470– 2045(12)70158–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">28. Cheng H., Deng Z., Wang Z.J. et al. Lateral lymph node dissection with radical surgery versus single radical surgery for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011;12(10):2517–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng H., Deng Z., Wang Z.J. et al. Lateral lymph node dissection with radical surgery versus single radical surgery for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011;12(10):2517–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">29. Enker W.E., Thaler H.T., Cranor M.L., Polyak T. Total mesorectal excision in the operative treatment of carcinoma of the rectum. J Am Coll Surg 1995;181(4):335–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enker W.E., Thaler H.T., Cranor M.L., Polyak T. Total mesorectal excision in the operative treatment of carcinoma of the rectum. J Am Coll Surg 1995;181(4):335–46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">30. Watanabe T., Tsurita G., Muto T. et al. Extended lymphadenectomy and preoperative radiotherapy for lower rectal cancers. Surgery 2002;132(1):27–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watanabe T., Tsurita G., Muto T. et al. Extended lymphadenectomy and preoperative radiotherapy for lower rectal cancers. Surgery 2002;132(1):27–33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">31. Koda K., Sauto N., Oda K. et al. Evaluation of lateral lymph node dissection with preoperative chemo-radiotherapy for the treatment of advanced middle to lower rectal cancers. Int J Colorectal Dis 2004;19(3):188–94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koda K., Sauto N., Oda K. et al. Evaluation of lateral lymph node dissection with preoperative chemo-radiotherapy for the treatment of advanced middle to lower rectal cancers. Int J Colorectal Dis 2004;19(3):188–94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">32. Kim J.C., Takahashi K., Yu C.S. et al. Comparative outcome between chemoradiotherapy and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection following total mesorectal excision in rectal cancer. Ann Surg 2007;246(5): 754–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim J.C., Takahashi K., Yu C.S. et al. Comparative outcome between chemoradiotherapy and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection following total mesorectal excision in rectal cancer. Ann Surg 2007;246(5): 754–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">33. Kusters M., Beets G.L., van de Velde C.J. et al. A comparison between the treatment of low rectal cancer in Japan and the Netherlands, focusing on the patterns of local recurrence. Ann Surg 2009;249(2):229–35. DOI: 10.1097/SLA. 0b013e318190a664.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kusters M., Beets G.L., van de Velde C.J. et al. A comparison between the treatment of low rectal cancer in Japan and the Netherlands, focusing on the patterns of local recurrence. Ann Surg 2009;249(2):229–35. DOI: 10.1097/SLA. 0b013e318190a664.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
