The evolving role of surgery in multimodal cancer treatment: a comprehensive review

The landscape of cancer treatment has evolved significantly with the integration of multimodal approaches, wherein surgery plays a pivotal role. This comprehensive review examines the dynamic role of surgical interventions within the framework of multimodal cancer therapy, highlighting historical advancements, innovative surgical techniques, and their synergistic effects with other treatment modalities. We explore preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations, emphasizing patient selection, technological innovations, and multidisciplinary collaboration. Through case studies and clinical trials, we illustrate the efficacy and challenges of combining surgery with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and emerging therapies. Addressing controversies and future trends, this review underscores the necessity of personalized and precision medicine in enhancing patient outcomes. The insights provided aim to guide clinicians and researchers in optimizing surgical strategies within the multifaceted landscape of cancer care.